This page presents a compilation of papers (published, in press, and submitted) by Dave Fritts
and colleagues addressing gravity wave sources and propagation, instability and breaking, and wave-wave
and wave-mean flow interactions using numerical, theoretical, and observational techniques. Also listed
are additional papers describing studies of shear instability and turbulence dynamics using our various
3D models and observational studies of tidal and planetary wave motions using various data sets. More
recent papers are available as pdf files. Copies of others may be obtained by emailing Dave at
dave@cora.nwra.com. Dave's resume may be viewed at http://isihighlycited.com.

Complete Publications List:

Andreassen, O., P. O. Hvidsten, D. C. Fritts, and S. Arendt, 1998: Vorticity dynamics in a breaking
        gravity wave, 1. Initial instability evolution, J. Fluid Mech, 367, 27-46.

Andreassen, O., C.-E. Wasberg, D. C. Fritts, and J. R. Isler, 1994: Gravity wave breaking in two and
        three dimensions, 1. Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions,
        Geophys. Res., 99, 8095-8108.

Arendt, S., and D. C. Fritts, 1998: The instability of a vortex tube in a weak external shear and strain ,
        Phys. Fluids, 10, 530-532.

Arendt, S. A., and D. C. Fritts, 2000: Acoustic radiation by ocean surface waves, J. Fluid Mech., 415,
        1-21.

Arendt, S., D. C. Fritts, and O. Andreassen, 1997: The initial value problem for Kelvin vortex waves,
        J. Fluid Mech., 344, 181-212.

Arendt, S., D. C. Fritts, and O. Andreassen, 1998: Kelvin twist waves in the transition to turbulence,
        Euro. J. Mech. B/Fluids, 17, 595-604.

Balsley, B. B., W. L. Ecklund, and D. C. Fritts, 1983: Mesospheric radar echoes at Poker Flat, Alaska:
        Evidence for seasonally dependent generation mechanisms , Radio Sci.,40, 1053-1058.

Balsley, B. B., W. L. Ecklund, and D. C. Fritts, 1983: VHF echoes from the high-latitude mesosphere
        and lower thermosphere: Observations and interpretations , J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2451-2466.

Balsley, B. B., D. C. Fritts, R. G. Freligh, M. Jones, S. L. Vadas, and R. Coulter, 2002: Up-gully flow
        in the Great Plains region: A mechanism for perturbing the nighttime lower atmosphere? , Geophys.
        Res. Lett., 20 (19), 10.1029/2002GL015435.     **********  file.PDF **********

Becker, E., and D. C. Fritts, 2006: Enhanced gravity-wave activity and interhemispheric coupling during the
  McWAVE/MIDAS northern summer program 2002, J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., SRef-ID:
  1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1175, 1175-1188.       ***********  Paper.pdf  ***********

Blix, T. A., E. V. Thrane, D. C. Fritts, U. von Zahn, F.-J. Luebken, W. Hillert, S. P. Blood, J. D.
        Mitchell, G. A. Kokin, and S. V. Pakhomov, 1990: Small-scale structure observed in-situ during
        MAC/EPSILON , J. Atmos. Terres. Phys., 52 , 835-854.

Blumen, W., R. Banta, S. P. Burns, D. C. Fritts, R. Newsom, G. S. Poulos, and J. Sun, 2001:
        Turbulence statistics of a Kelvin-Helmholtz billow event observed in the nighttime boundary
        layer during the CASES-99 field program , Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 34 , 189-204.

Burrage, M. D., W. R. Skinner, D. A. Gell, P. B. Hays, A. R. Marshall, D. A. Ortland, A. H. Manson,
        S. J. Franke, D. C. Fritts, P. Hoffman, C. McLandress, R. Niciejewski, F. J. Schmidlin, G. G.
        Shepherd, W. Singer, T. Tsuda, and R. A. Vincent, 1996: Validation of mesosphere and lower
        thermosphere winds from the high resolution Doppler imager on UARS , J. Geophys. Res., 101,
        10,365-10,392.

Coy, L., and D. C. Fritts, 1988: Gravity wave heat fluxes: A Lagrangian approach, J. Atmos. Sci. , 45,
        1770-1780.

Coy, L., D. C. Fritts, and J. Weinstock, 1986: The Stokes drift due to vertically propagating internal
        gravity waves in a compressible atmosphere , J. Atmos. Sci. , 43, 2636-2643.

Deng, W., J. E. Salah, R. R. Clark, S. J. Franke, D. C. Fritts, P. Hoffman, D. Kuerschner, A. H.
        Manson, C. E. Meek, D. Murphy, T. Nakamura, S. E. Palo, D. M. Riggin, R. G. Roble, R.
        Schminder, W. Singer, T. Tsuda, R. A. Vincent, and Q. Zhou, 1997: Coordinated global radar
        observations of tidal and planetary waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere durng
        January 20- 30, 1993 , J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 7307-7318.

Diettrich, J., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, G.R. Swenson, X. Chu, M. J. Taylor, D. M. Riggin, and D.C. Fritts,
        2005: High frequency atmospheric gravity-wave properties using Fe-lidar and OH-imager observations,
        Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09801, doi:10.1029/2004GL021944.

Dunkerton, T. J., and D. C. Fritts, 1984: Transient gravity wave-critical level interaction. Part I:
        Convective adjustment and the mean zonal acceleration ,  J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 992-1007.

Espy, P. J., R. E. Hibbins, G. O. L. Jones, D. M. Riggin, and D. C. Fritts, 2003: Rapid, large-scale
        temperature changes in the polar mesosphere and their relationship to meridional flows,
        Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.

Espy, P. J., R. E. Hibbins, D. M. Riggin, and D. C. Fritts, 2005: Mesospheric planetary waves over Antarctica
        during 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L21804, doi:10.1029/2005GL023886. *****  Paper.pdf  *****

Espy, P. J., R. E. Hibbins, G. R. Swenson, J. Tang, M. J. Taylor, D. M. Riggin, and D. C. Fritts, 2006: Regional
        variations of mesospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes over Antarctica, Ann. Geophys., 24, SRef-ID:
    1432-0576/ag/2006-24-81, 81-88.  ***********  Paper.pdf  ************

Forbes, J. M., M. Kilpatrick, D. Fritts, A. H. Manson, and R. A. Vincent, 1997: Zonal mean and tidal
        dynamics from space: an empirical examination of aliasing and sampling issues , Ann. Geophys. ,
        15 , 1158-1164.

Fritts, D. C., 1978: The nonlinear gravity wave-critical level interaction , J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 397-413.

Fritts, D. C., 1979: The excitation of radiating waves and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities by the gravity
        wave-critical level interaction, J. Atmos. Sci.,36, 13-23.

Fritts, D. C., 1980: Simple stability limits for vertically propagating unstable modes in a tanh(z)
        velocity profile with a rigid lower boundary , J. Atmos. Sci.,37, 1642-1648.

Fritts, D. C., 1982: Shear excitation of atmospheric gravity waves , J. Atmos. Sci. , 39 , 1936-1952.

Fritts, D. C., 1982: The transient critical-level interaction in a Boussinesq fluid , J. Geophys. Res. , 87 ,
        7997-8016.

Fritts, D. C., 1984: Shear excitation of atmospheric gravity waves. Part II: Nonlinear radiation from a
        free shear layer , J. Atmos. Sci. , 41, 524-537.

Fritts, D. C., 1984: Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and
        observations , Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. , 22 , 275-308.

Fritts, D. C., 1985: A numerical study of gravity wave saturation: Nonlinear and multiple wave
        effects , J. Atmos. Sci., 42 , 2043-2058.

Fritts, D. C., 1987: Recent progress in gravity wave saturation studies , Transport Processes in the
        Middle Atmosphere , NATO Advanced Science Institute, G. Visconti and R. R. Garcia, Eds., D.
        Reidel, 485 pp.

Fritts, D. C., 1989: A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle
        atmosphere , Pure Appl. Geophys. , 130 , 343-371.

Fritts, D. C., 1993: Gravity wave sources, variability, and lower and middle atmosphere effects ,
        Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere , NATO Advanced Science Institute,
        E. V. Thrane, T. A. Blix, and D. C. Fritts, Eds., Kluwer Academic Pubs., 410 pp.

Fritts, D. C., 1995: Gravity wave forcing and effects in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere ,
        The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere, Chapman Conference on the Upper Mesosphere
        and Lower Thermosphere, R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, Eds., Am. Geophys. Union, 356 pp.

Fritts, D. C., 1995: Gravity wave-tidal interactions in the middle atmosphere: Observations and
        theory , The Upper Mesosphere and LowerThermosphere , Chapman Conference on the Upper
        Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere, R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, Eds., Am. Geophys.
        Union, 356 pp.

Fritts, D. C., 1997: Preface to the CADRE special issue , J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 26,017-26,018.

Fritts, D. C., 2000: Errant inferences of gravity wave momentum and heat fluxes using airglow
        and lidar instrumentation: Corrections and cautions , J. Geophys. Res. , 105 , 22,355-22,360.

Fritts, D. C., 2003: Middle Atmosphere: Gravity Waves , in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences,
        J. R. Holton, J. Pyle, and J. Curry, Eds., 1308-1314. 

Fritts, D. C., M. A. Abdu, B. R. Batista, I. S. Batista, P. P. Batista, R. Buriti, B. R. Clemesha, J. Comberiate,
        T. Dautermann, E. de Paula, B. J. Fechine, B. Fejer, D. Gobbi, J. Haase, F. Kamalabadi, B. Laughman,
        P. P. Lima, H.-L. Liu, A. Medeiros, D. Paute, F. São Sabbas, J. H. A. Sobral, P. Stamus, H. Takahashi,
        M. J. Taylor, S. L. Vadas, C. Wrasse,  2007: The Spread F Experiment (SpreadFEx): Program overview
        and first results, Earth Planets Space, submitted. ********  Paper.doc **********

Fritts, D. C., and M. J. Alexander, 2003: Gravity dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere,
        Rev. Geophys., 41, doi:10.1029/2001RG000106.
        ********** Text.PDF , Figures.PDF , Galleys.PDF *********

Fritts, D. C., S. Arendt, and O. Andreassen, 1998: Vorticity dynamics in a breaking internal gravity
        wave, 2. Vortex interactions and transition to turbulence , J. Fluid Mech., 367 , 47-65.

Fritts, D. C., S. Arendt, and O. Andreassen, 1999: The vorticity dynamics of instability and turbulence
        in a breaking internal gravity wave , Earth Planets Space , 51, 457-473.

Fritts, D. C., C. Bizon, J. A. Werne, and C. K. Meyer, 2003: Layering accompanying turbulence
        generation due to shear instability and gravity wave breaking , J. Geophys. Res. , 108, D8, 8452, 
        doi:10.1029/2002JD002406. ********** Text.PDF , Figures.PDF **********

Fritts, D. C., R. C. Blanchard, and L. Coy, 1989: Gravity wave structure between 60 and 90 km
        inferred from space shuttle reentry data , J. Atmos. Sci. , 46, 423-434.

Fritts, D. C., and H.-G. Chou, 1987: An investigation of the vertical wavenumber and frequency
        spectra of gravity wave motions in the lower stratosphere , J. Atmos. Sci., 44 , 3610-3624.

Fritts, D. C., and T. J. Dunkerton, 1984: FA quasi-linear study of gravity wave saturation and
        self-acceleeration, J. Atmos. Sci. , 41, 3271-3289.

Fritts, D. C., and T. J. Dunkerton, 1985: Fluxes of heat and constituents due to convectively unstable
        gravity waves , J. Atmos. Sci. , 42 , 549-556.

Fritts, D. C., P. Franke, K. Wan, T. Lund, and J. Werne, 2007: Computation of radar backscatter from
        realistic turbulence volumes, II: Backscatter moments throughout the lifecycle of a Kelvin-Helmholtz
        instability, Radio, Sci., submitted.  ********  Paper.doc, Figures.doc **********

Fritts, D. C., J. F. Garten, and O. Andreassen, 1996: Wave breaking and transition to turbulence
        in stratified shear flows , J. Atmos. Sci. , 53, 1057-1085.

Fritts, D. C., J. F. Garten, D. Riggin, R. A. Goldberg, G. Lehmacher, F. J. Schmidlin, S. McCarthy,
        C. Fawcett, E. Kudeki, M. H. Hitchman, R. S. Lieberman, I. M. Reid, and R. A. Vincent, 1997:
        Equatorial dynamics observed by rocket, radar, and satellite during the CADRE/MALTED
        campaign, 2. Mean and wave structures, coherence, and variability , J. Geophys. Res., 102 ,
        26,191-26,216.

Fritts, D. C., and M. A. Geller, 1976: Viscous stabilization of gravity wave critical level flows,
        J. Atmos. Sci. , 33, 2276-2284.

Fritts, D. C., M. A. Geller, B. B. Balsley, M. L. Chanin, I. Hirota, J. R. Holton, S. Kato, R. S. Lindzen,
        M. R. Schoeberl, R. A. Vincent, and R. F. Woodman, 1984: Research status and recommendations
        from the Alaska Workshop on Gravity Waves and Turbulence in the Middle Atmosphere ,
        Fairbanks, Alaska, 18-22 July 1983, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 65, 149-159.

Fritts, D. C., and U.-P. Hoppe, 1995: High-resolution measurements of vertical velocity with the
        EISCAT VHF radar, 2. Spectral observations and model comparisons , J. Geophys. Res., 100 ,
        16,827-16,838.

Fritts, D. C., U.-P. Hoppe, and B. Inhester, 1990: A study of the vertical motion field near the
        high-latitude summer mesopause during MAC/SINE , J. Atmos. Terres. Phys., 52 , 927-938.

Fritts, D. C., and J. R. Isler, 1992: First observations of mesospheric dynamics with a partial reflection
        radar in Hawaii (22 N, 160 W) , Geophys. Res. Lett. , 19, 409-412.

Fritts, D. C., and J. R. Isler, 1994: Mean motions and tidal and two-day structure and variability
        in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hawaii , J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2145-2164.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, and O. Andreassen, 1994: Gravity wave breaking in two and three
        dimensions, 2. Three-dimensional evolution and instability structure , J. Geophys. Res., 99,
        8109-8123.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, J. H. Hecht, R. L. Walterscheid, and O. Andreassen, 1997: Wave breaking
        signatures in OH airglow and sodium densities and temperatures, Part II: Simulation of wave
        and instability processes , J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 6669-6684.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, R. S. Lieberman, M. D. Burrage, D. R. Marsh, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda, and
        R. A. Vincent, 1999: Two-day wave structure and mean-flow interactions observed by radar
        and HRDI , J. Geophys. Res. , 104 , 3953-3969.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, G. E. Thomas, and O. Andreassen, 1993: Wave breaking signatures in
        noctilucent clouds , Geophys. Res. Lett. , 20, 2039-2042.

Fritts, D. C., and D. Janches, 2007: Dual-beam measurements of gravity wave momentum fluxes over Arecibo:
        Re-evaluation of wave structure, dynamics, and momentum fluxces, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
        ***** Paper.doc  *****

Fritts, D. C., D. Janches, D. M. Riggin, R. G. Stockwell, M. P. Sulzer, and S. Gonzalez, 2006: Gravity waves
        and momentum fluxes in the MLT using 430 MHz dual-beam measurements at Arecibo: 2. Frequency spectra,
        momentum fluxes, and variability, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18108, doi:10.1029/2005JD006883. 
        ********  Paper.pdf   ***********

Fritts, D. C., and W. Lu, 1993: Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes, II:
        Parameterization of wave forcing and variability , J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3695-3713.

Fritts, D. C., and Z. Luo, 1992: Gravity wave excitation by geostrophic adjustment of the jet stream,
        Part 1: Two-dimensional forcing , J. Atmos. Sci. , 49 , 681-697.

Fritts, D. C., and Z. Luo, 1993: Gravity wave forcing of the middle atmosphere due to reduced ozone
        heating during a solar eclipse , J. Geophys. Res. , 98, 3011-3021.

Fritts, D. C., and Z. Luo, 1995: Dynamical and radiative forcing of the summer mesopause circulation
        and thermal structure, 1. Mean Solstice conditions , J. Geophys. Res., 100 , 3119-3128.

Fritts, D. C., C. Nappo, D. M. Riggin, B. B. Balsley, W. E. Eichenger, and R. Newsom, 2003:
        Analysis of ducted motions in the stable nocturnal boundary layer during CASES-99, J. Atmos.
        Sci., 60, 2450-2472.  ********** Text.PDF , Figures.PDF **********

Fritts, D. C., and G. D. Nastrom, 1992: Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves, II: Frontal,
        convective, and jet stream excitation , J. Atmos. Sci. , 49, 111-127.

Fritts, D. C., T. L. Palmer, O. Andreassen, and I. Lie, 1996: Evolution and breakdown of
        Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in stratified compressible flows, I: Comparison of two- and
        three-dimensional flows , J. Atmos. Sci. , 53, 3173-3191.

Fritts, D. C., and P. K. Rastogi, 1985: Convective and dynamical instabilities due to gravity wave
        motions in the lower and middle atmosphere: Theory and observations , Radio Sci., 20 , 1247-1277.

Fritts, D. C., D. M. Riggin, B. B. Balsley, and R. G. Stockwell, 1998: Recent results with an MF radar
        at McMurdo, Antarctica: Characteristics and variability of motions near 12-hour period in the
        mesosphere , Geophys. Res. Lett. , 25 , 297-300.

Fritts, D. C., S. A. Smith, B. B. Balsley, and C. R. Philbrick, 1988: Evidence of gravity wave saturation
        and local turbulence production in the summer mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the
        STATE experiment , J. Geophys. Res. , 93, 7015-7025.

Fritts, D. C., S. Sun, and D.-Y. Wang, 1992: Wave-wave interactions in a compressible atmosphere, 1:
        A general formulation including rotation and wind shear , J. Geophys. Res., 97 , 9975-9988.

Fritts, D. C., and E. V. Thrane, 1990: Computation of the ion/neutral density ratio in the presence of
        wave and chemical effects , J. Atmos. Terres. Phys., 52 , 827-834.

Fritts, D. C., T. Tsuda, T. Sato, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, 1988: Observational evidence of a saturated
        gravity wave spectrum in the troposphere and lower stratosphere , J. Atmos. Sci., 45 , 1741-1759.

Fritts, D. C., T. Tsuda, T. E. VanZandt, S. A. Smith, T. Sato, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, 1990: Studies
        of velocity fluctuations in the lower atmosphere using the MU radar: II. Momentum fluxes and
        energy densities , J. Atmos. Sci. , 47, 51-66.

Fritts, D. C., S. L. Vadas, and O. Andreassen, 1998: Gravity wave excitation and momentum
        transport in the solar interior Implications for a residual circulation and Lithium depletion ,
         Astron. Astrophys. , 333 , 343-361.

Fritts, D. C., S. L. Vadas, K. Wan, and J. A. Werne, 2006: Mean and variable forcing of the middle atmosphere
       by gravity waves, J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., 68, 247-265.. ******* Text.doc , Figures.doc *******

Fritts, D. C., S. A. Vadas, and Y. Yamada, 2002: An estimate of strong local gravity wave body
        forcing based on OH airglow and meteor radar observations , Geophys. Res. Lett. , 29 (10),
         10.1029/2001GL013753.    **********  file.PDF **********

Fritts, D. C., and T. E. VanZandt, 1987: Effects of Doppler shifting on the frequency spectra of
        atmospheric gravity waves , J. Geophys. Res. , 92, 9723-9732.

Fritts, D. C., and T. E. VanZandt, 1993: Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum
        fluxes, I: Energy dissipation, acceleration, and constraints , J. Atmos. Sci., 50 , 3685-3694.

Fritts, D. C., and R. A. Vincent, 1987: Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia:
        Observations and a gravity wave/tidal interaction model , J. Atmos. Sci., 44 , 605-619.

Fritts, D. C., and D.-Y. Wang, 1991: Doppler-shifting effects on frequency spectra of gravity waves
        observed near the summer mesopause at high latitude , J. Atmos. Sci., 48 , 1535-1544.

Fritts, D. C., D.-Y. Wang, and R. C. Blanchard, 1993: Gravity wave and tidal structures between
        60 and 140 km inferred from space shuttle re-entry data , J. Atmos. Sci., 50 , 785-806.

Fritts, D. C., L. Wang, and R. H. Tolson, 2006: Mean and gravity wave structures and variability in the Mars upper
        atmosphere inferred from MGS and MO aero-braking densities, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A12304,
        doi:10.1029/2006JA011897,     ********  Paper.pdf  ********

Fritts, D. C., L. Wang, J. Werne, T. Lund, and K. Wan, 2007: Gravity wave instability dynamics at high Reynolds
        numbers, 1: Wave field evolution at large amplitudes and high frequencies, J. Atmos. Sci., to be submitted.
        ********  Paper.doc, Figures.doc **********

Fritts, D. C., L. Wang, J. Werne, and T. Lund, 2007: Gravity wave instability dynamics at high Reynolds numbers, 2:
        Turbulence evolution and anisotropy, J. Atmos. Sci., to be submitted. ***** Movies *****

Fritts, D. C., J. A. Werne, 2000: Turbulence dynamics due to gravity waves in the lower and middle
        atmosphere , AGU Monograph, Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause , 143-159.

Fritts, D. C., B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, J. D. Vance, M. Rapp, F.-J. Lübken, F. J. Schmidlin,
        R. A. Goldberg, and W. Singer, 2004: Observations of extreme temperature and wind gradients
        near the summer mesopause during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
        31, doi:10.1029/2003GL019389.  ********** file.PDF **********

Fritts, D. C., and L. Yuan, 1989: Stability analysis of inertio-gravity wave structure in the middle
        atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci. , 46, 1738-1745.

Fritts, D. C., and L. Yuan, 1989: Measurement of momentum fluxes near the summer mesopause
        at Poker Flat, Alaska , J. Atmos. Sci. , 46, 2569-2579.

Fritts, D. C., and L. Yuan, 1989: An analysis of gravity wave ducting in the atmosphere: Eckarts
        resonances in thermal and Doppler ducts , J. Geophys. Res.,94, 18,455-18,466.

Fritts, D. C., L. Yuan, M. H. Hitchman, L. Coy, E. Kudeki, and R. F. Woodman, 1992: Dynamics
        of the equatorial mesosphere observed using the Jicamarca MST radar during June and August
        1987 , J. Atmos. Sci. , 49 , 2353-2371.

Garten, J. F., S. Arendt, D. C. Fritts, and J. Werne, 1998: Dynamics of counter-rotating vortex pairs
        in stratified and sheared environments , J. Fluid Mech. , 361, 189-236.

Garten, J. F., J. Werne, D. C. Fritts, and S. Arendt, 1999: The effects of ambient stratification on the
        Crow instability and subsequent vortex reconnection , ESAIM Proc., 7, Third Int'l. Workshop
        on Vortex Flow and Related Numerical Methods, A. Giovannini, G.H. Cottet, Y. Gagnon,
        A. Ghoniem, and E. Meiburg, Eds., volume 7.

Garten, J. F., J. Werne, D. C. Fritts, and S. Arendt, 2001: Direct numerical simulations of the Crow
        instability and subsequent vortex reconnection in a stratified fluid , J. Fluid Mech., 426, 1-45.

Gavrilov, N. M., D. M. Riggin, and D. C. Fritts, 2003: Medium frequency radar studies of gravity
        wave seasonal variations over Hawaii (22 N, 160 W), J. Geophys. Res., 108, D20, 4655,
        doi:10.1029/2002JD003131.

Gavrilov, N. M., D. M. Riggin, and D. C. Fritts, 2004: Interannual variations of the mean wind and gravity
        wave variances in the middle atmosphere over Hawaii, J. Atmos. Solar Terres. Phys., 66, 637-645. 
        ******** file.PDF ********

Geller, M. A., H. Tanaka, and D. C. Fritts, 1975: Production of turbulence in the vicinity of critical
        levels for internal gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2125-2135.

Gibson-Wilde, D. E., J. A. Werne, D. C. Fritts, and R. J. Hill, 2000: Direct numerical simulation
        of VHF radar measurements of turbulence in the mesosphere , Radio Sci., 35, 783-798.

Goldberg, R. A., M. Friedrich, G. A. Lehmacher, F. J. Schmidlin, C. L. Croskey, J. D. Mitchell,
        D. C. Fritts, and W. E. Swartz, 1995: MALTED: A rocket/radar study of dynamics and
        turbulencein the equatorial mesopause region, Proc. 12th ESA  Symp., 113-118.

Goldberg, R. A., D. C. Fritts, H.-G. Chou, J. R. Barcus, and F. J. Schmidlin, 1988: Studies of High
        Altitude Mesospheric Turbulence by Radar and Rocket , J. Atmos. Terres. Phys., 50 , 951.

Goldberg, R. A., D. C. Fritts, F. J. Schmidlin, B. P. Williams, C. L. Croskey, J. D. Mitchell, M. Friedrich,
        J. M. Russell III, and U. Blum, 2006: The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the
        polar mesosphere, Ann. Geophys., SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1159, 1159-1173. 
        ***********  Paper.pdf  ***********

Goldberg, R. A., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, F.-J. Lubken, W. Singer, R. Latteck,
        P. Hoffman, A. Muellemann, F. J. Schmidlin, and C. Mertins, 2003: The MaCWAVE/MIDAS
        rocket and ground-based measurements of polar summer  dynamics:  Overview and mean state
        structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019411. ******* file.PDF *******

Goldberg, R. A., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, F. J. Schmidlin, C. L. Croskey, J. D. Mitchell, F.-J.
        Luebken, M. Rapp, W. Singer, R. Latteck, T. A. Blix, M. Friedrich, S. Kirkwood, N. Mitchell,
        and K. H. Fricke, 2003: The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave forcing of the polar
        mesosphere during summer and winter, Proc. 11th ESA Symp. on European Rocket and Balloon
        Programmes and Related Research, SP-530, St. Gallen, Switzerland, 345-350.

Goldberg, R. A., G. Lehmacher, F. J. Schmidlin, D. C. Fritts, J. D. Mitchell, C. L. Croskey, M.
        Friedrich, and W. E. Swartz, 1997: Equatorial dynamics observed by rocket, radar, and satellite
        during the CADRE/MALTED Campaign: 1. Programmatics and small scale fluctuations ,
        J. Geophys. Res. , 102 , 26,179-26,190.

Gourlay, M. J., S. C. Arendt, D. C. Fritts, and J. Werne, 2000: Numerical modeling of turbulent
        zero momentum late wakes in density stratified fluids , 10th DoD HPC User's Group Symposium,
        Albequerque, NM.

Gourlay, M. J., S. C. Arendt, D. C. Fritts, and J. Werne, 2000: Numerical modeling of turbulent
        non-zero momentum late wakes in density stratified fluids , 5th Int'l. Symp. on Stratified Flows,
        Vancouver, BC, 67-72.

Gourlay, M. J., S. Arendt, D. C. Fritts, and J. Werne, 2001: Numerical modeling of initially
        turbulent wakeswith net momentum , Phys. Fluids , 13 , 3783-3802.

Gourlay, M. J., J. Werne, and D. C. Fritts, 2001: Direct numerical simulations of initially turbulent
        wakes , DoD HPC User Group Conf., Biloxi.

Grieger, N., E. M. Volodin, G. Schmitz, P. Hoffmann, A. H. Manson, D. C. Fritts, K. Igarashi, and
        W. Singer, 2001: General circulation model results on migrating and nomigrating tides in the
        mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Part 1: Comparison with observations , J. Atmos. Solar
        Terres. Phys. , 64 , 897-911.

Hecht, J. H., R. L. Walterscheid, D. C. Fritts, J. R. Isler, D. C. Senft, C. S. Gardner, and S. J. Franke,
        1997: Wave breaking signatures in OH airglow and sodium densities and temperatures, Part I:
        Airglow imaging, Na lidar, and MF radar observations , J. Geophys. Res., 102 , 6655-6668.

Hitchman, M. H., K. W. Bywaters, D. C. Fritts, L. Coy, and E. Kudeki, 1992: Mean winds and
        momentum fluxes over Jicamarca, Peru during June and August 1987 , J. Atmos. Sci., 49,
        2372-2383.

Hitchman, M. H., J. M. Kugi, G. A. Postel, C.-Y. Yao, V. Lynn Harvey, E. Kudeki, C. Fawcett,
        D. C. Fritts, D. Riggin, and D. Ortland, 1997: Mean winds in the tropical stratosphere and
        mesosphere during January 1993, March 1994, and August 1994 , J. Geophys. Res., 102 ,
        26,033-26,052.

Hoppe, U.-P., and D. C. Fritts, 1995: On the downward bias in vertical velocity measurements by
        VHF radars , Geophys. Res. Lett. , 22 , 619-622.

Hoppe, U.-P., and D. C. Fritts, 1995: High-resolution measurements of vertical velocity with the
        EISCAT VHF radar, 1. Motion field characteristics and measurement biases , J. Geophys. Res. ,
        100 , 16813-16826.

Hoppe, U.-P., D. C. Fritts, I. M. Reid, P. Czechowsky, C. M. Hall, and T. L. Hansen, 1990:
        Multiple-frequency studies of the high-latitude summer mesosphere: Implications for scattering
        processes , J. Atmos. Terres. Phys. , 52 , 907-926.

Isler, J. R., and D. C. Fritts, 1993: Tidal variability studies using an MF radar in Hawaii,
        Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere , NATO Advanced Science Institute,
        E. V. Thrane, T. A. Blix, and D. C. Fritts, Eds., Kluwer Academic Pubs., 410 pp.

Isler, J. R., and D. C. Fritts, 1995: Mean winds and tidal and planetary wave motions over Hawaii
        during ALOHA-93 , Geophys. Res. Lett. , 22, 2821-2824.

Isler, J. R., and D. C. Fritts, 1996: Gravity wave variability and interaction with lower-frequency
        motions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hawaii , J. Atmos. Sci., 53 , 37-48.

Isler, J. R., M. J. Taylor, and D. C. Fritts, 1997: Observational evidence of wave ducting in the
        mesosphere , J. Geophys. Res., 102 , 26,301-26,313.

Isler, J. R., D. C. Fritts, and O. Andreassen, 1994: Gravity wave breaking in two and three
        dimensions, 3. Vortex breakdown and transition to turbulence , J. Geophys. Res., 99 , 8125-8137.

Janches, D., D. C. Fritts, D. M. Riggin, M. P. Sulzer, and S. Gonzalez, 2006: Gravity waves and momentum fluxes
        in the MLT using 430 MHz dual-beam measurements at Arecibo: 1. Measurements, methods, and gravity waves,
        J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18107, doi:10.1029/2005JD006882. ******  Paper.pdf    ********

Jasperson, W. H., G. D. Nastron, and D. C. Fritts, 1990: Further study of terrain effects on the mesoscale
        spectrum of atmospheric motions , J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 979-987.

Jones, G. O. L., M. A. Clilverd, P. J. Espy, S. Chew, D. C. Fritts, and D. M. Riggin, 2004: An alternative
         explanation of PMSE-like scatter in MF radar data, Ann. Geophys., 22 (8), 2715-2722.

Khattatov, B. V., M. A. Geller, V. A. Yudin, P. B. Hays, W. R. Skinner, M. D. Burrage, S. J. Franke,
        D. C. Fritts, J. R. Isler, A. H. Manson, C. E. Meek, R. McMurray, W. Singer, P. Hoffman, and
        R. A. Vincent, 1996: Dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere as seen by MF radars
        and by the high-resolution Doppler imager/UARS , J. Geophys. Res.,101 , 10,393-10,404.

Kumer, J. B., J. L. Mergenthaler, R. L. Rairden, A. E. Roche, G. R. Swenson, A. Z. Liu, M. J. Alexander,
        and D. C. Fritts, 2002: Sublimb CO2 4200 nm measurements of small-scale internal gravity
        wave (GW) sources and the propagation, and effects on the OH airglow , Proc. SPIE, 4539, 469.

Lehmacher, G. A., C. L. Croskey, J. D. Mitchell, M. Friedrich, F.-J. Luebken, M. Rapp, E. Kudeki, and D. C.
        Fritts, 2005b: Intense turbulence observed above mesospheric temperature inversion at equatorial latitude,
        Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi:10.1029/2005GL024345.

Lehmacher, G. A., et al., 2005: Layers in the Equatorial Mesosphere: results from rocket and radar measurements
        during EQUIS II, Proc. 11th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related
        Research, Sondefjord, Norway, ESA-SP 590.

Lieberman, R. S., W. A. Robinson, S. J. Franke, R. A. Vincent, J. R. Isler, D. C. Fritts, A. H. Manson,
        C. E. Meek, G. J. Fraser, A. Fahrutdinova, W. Hocking, T. Thayaparan, J. MacDougall, K.
        Igarashi, T. Nakamura, and T. Tsuda, 1998: HRDI observations of mean meridional winds at
        solstice , J. Atmos. Sci.,  55 , 1887-1896.

Lu, W., and D. C. Fritts, 1993: Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes, III:
        Gravity wave-tidal interactions , J. Atmos. Sci. , 50, 3714-3727.

Lu, D., T. E. VanZandt, and W. L. Clark, 1984: VHF Doppler radar observations of buoyancy waves
        induced by thunderstorms , J. Atmos. Sci. , 41, 272-282.

Luo, Y., A. Manson, C. Meek, C. Meyer, J. Forbes, M. Burrage, D. Fritts, C. Hall, W. Hocking,
        J. MacDougall, D. Riggin, and R. Vincent, 2002: The 16-day planetary waves: Multi-MF
        radar observations from the arctic to the equator and comparisons with the HRDI measurements
        and the GSWM modeling results , Ann. Geophys. , 20 , 691-709.

Luo, Z., and D. C. Fritts, 1993: Gravity wave excitation by geostrophic adjustment of the jet stream,
        Part II: Three-dimensional forcing , J. Atmos. Sci. , 50, 104-115.

Luo, Z., D. C. Fritts, R. W. Portmann, and G. E. Thomas, 1995: Dynamical and radiative forcing
        of the summer mesopause circulation and thermal structure, 2. Seasonal variations ,
        J. Geophys. Res. , 100 , 3129-3137.

Manson, A. H., C. Meek, T. Chshyolkova, C. McLandress, S. K. Avery, D. C. Fritts, C. M. Hall, W. K. Hocking,
         K. Igarashi, J. W. MacDougall, Y. Murayama, D. M. Riggin, D. Thorsen, and R. A. Vincent, 2006:
         Winter warmings, tides and planetary waves: Comparisons between CMAM (with interactive chemistry) and
         MFR-MetO observations and data, submitted.

Manson, A., C. Meek, M. Hagan, C. Hall, W. Hocking, J. MacDougall, S. Franke, D. Riggin, D. C.
        Fritts,  R. Vincent, and M. Burrage, 1999: Seasonal variations of the semi-diurnal and diurnal tides
        in the MLT: Multi-year MF radar observations from 2 to 70N and the GSWM ,
         J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys. , 61, 809-828.

Manson, A., C. Meek, C. Hall, W. Hocking, J. MacDougall, S. Franke, K. Igarashi, D. Riggin, D. Fritts,
        and R. Vincent, 1999: Gravity wave spectra, directions, and wave interactions: Global
        MLT-MFR Network , Earth Planets Space , 51 , 543-562.

Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, J. Koshyk, S. Franke, D. C. Fritts, D. M. Riggin, C. M. Hall, W. K.
        Hocking, J. MacDougall, K. Igarashi, and R. Vincent, 2002: Gravity wave activity and dynamical
        effects in the middle atmosphere (60 - 90 km): Observations from an MF/MLT radar network, and
        results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) ,J. Atmos. Solar Terres. Phys , 64,
        65-90.

Manson, A. H., C. Meek, M. Hagan, J. Koshyk, S. Franke, D. Fritts, C. Hall, W. Hocking, K. Igarashi,
        J. MacDougall, D. Riggin, and R. Vincent, 2002: Seasonal variations of the semi-diurnal and diurnal
        tides in the MLT: MF radar observations from 2 - 70 N, modelled tides (GSWM, CMAM) ,
        Ann Geophys., 20, 661-677.   ********** file.PDF  **********

Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, Y. Luo, W. K. Hocking, J. MacDougall, D. Riggin, D. C. Fritts, and
        R. A. Vincent, 2003: Modulation of gravity waves by planetary waves (2 and 16 D): Observations
        with the North American-Pacific MLT-MFR radar network , J. Atmos. Solar Terres. Phys. , 65,
        85-104.

Meek, C. E., A. H. Manson, S. J. Franke, W. Singer, P. Hoffman, R. R. Clark, T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura,
        M. Tsutsumi, M. Hagan, D. C. Fritts, J. R. Isler, and Y. I. Portnyagin, 1996: Global study of
        northern hemisphere quasi-2-day wave events in recent summers near 90 km altitude ,
        J. Atmos. Terres. Phys. , 58 , 1401-1411.

Mukhtarov, P., D. Pancheva, M. Shepherd, N. J. Mitchell, D. Riggin, D. Fritts, S. Franke, P. Batista, M. Abdu,
         I. Batista, B. Clemesha, and T. Kikuchi, 2005: 2-day wave coupling of the low-latitude atmosphere-
         ionosphere system, J. Geophys. Res., submitted. 

Murphy, D. J., J. M. Forbes, R. L. Walterscheid, M. E. Hagan, S. K. Avery, T. Aso, G. J. Fraser, M. J. Jarvis,
        D. M. Riggin, D. C. Fritts, M. Tsutsumi, and R. A. Vincent, 2006: A climatology of tides in the Antacrtic
        mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006803.   ***********  Paper.pdf   ***********.

Nakamura, T., D. C. Fritts, J. R. Isler, T. Tsuda, and R. A. Vincent, 1997: Short-period fluctuations
        of the diurnal tide observed with low-latitude MF and meteor radars during CADRE: Evidence
        for gravity wave/tidal interactions , J. Geophys. Res. , 102 , 26,225-26,238.

Nastrom, G. D., and D. C. Fritts, 1992: Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves, I:
        Topographic excitation , J. Atmos. Sci. , 49, 101-110.

Nastrom, G. D., D. C. Fritts, and K. S. Gage, 1987: An investigation of terrain effects on the mesoscale
        spectrum of atmospheric motions , J. Atmos. Sci., 44 , 3087-3096.

Nielson, K., M. J. Taylor, P.-D. Pautet, N. Mitchell, C. Beldon, W. Singer, D. C. Fritts, F. J. Schmidlin, and
       R. A. Goldberg, 2006: Propagation and ducting of short-period geavity waves at high latitudes during the
       MaCWAVE winter campaign, Ann. Geophys., SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1227, 1227-1243. 
       ***********  Paper.pdf  ***********

Palmer, T. L., D. C. Fritts, O. Andreassen, and I. Lie, 1994: Three-dimensional evolution of
        Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in stratified compressible flow , Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 , 2287-2290.

Palmer, T. L., D. C. Fritts, and O. Andreassen, 1996: Evolution and breakdown of Kelvin-Helmholtz
        billows in stratified compressible flows, II: Instability structure, evolution, and energetics ,
        J. Atmos. Sci. , 53 , 3192-3212.

Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., M. G. Shepherd, N. J. Mitchell, D. C. Fritts, D. M. Riggin, S. J.Franke, P. P. Batista,
        M. A. Abdu, I. S. Batista, B. R. Clemesha, and T. Kikuchi, 2006: Two-day wave coupling of the low-latitude
        atmosphere-ionosphere system, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A07313, doi:10.1029/2005JA0115652.
        ***********  Paper.pdf  ************.

Pancheva, D., P. Mukhtarov, M. Shepherd, D. Riggin, D. Fritts, S. Franke, P. Batista, and T. Kikuchi, 2005:
        Global-scale response of the geomagnetic field to a 2-day wave observed in the tropical MLT region,
        Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted.

Portnyagin, Yu., et al., 2004: Mesosphere/lower thermosphere prevailing wind model, Adv. Space Res.,
        34, 1755-1762.

Poulos, G. S., W. Blumen, D. C. Fritts, J. K. Lundquist, J. Sun, S. P. Burns, C. Nappo, R. Banta,
        R. Newsom, J. Cuxart, E. Terradellas, B. B. Balsley, and M. Jensen, 2002: CASES-99: A
        comprehensive investigation of the stable nocturnal boundary layer , Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
        83 , 555-581.

Rapp, M., B. Strelnikov, A. Müllemann, F.-J. Lübken, and D. C. Fritts, 2004: Turbulence measurements
and implications for gravity wave dissipation during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS summer rocket program,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2003GL019325.   ********** file.PDF **********

Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, C. W. Fawcet, and E. Kudeki, 1995: Observations of inertia-gravity wave
        motions in the stratosphere over Jicamarca , Geophys. Res. Lett., 22 (23), 3239-3242,
        doi:10.1029/95GL03085.

Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, C. W. Fawcet, E. Kudeki, and M. H. Hitchman, 1997: Radar observations of
        gravity waves over Jicamarca, Peru during the CADRE campaign , J. Geophys. Res., 102 ,
        26,263-26,281.

Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, M. J. Jarvis, and O. L. Jones, 1999: Spatial structure of the 12-hour wave in
       the Antarctic as observed by radar , Earth Planets Space , 51 , 621-628.

Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and R. A. Vincent, 1997: Radar observations of a
        3-day Kelvin wave in the equatorial mesosphere , J. Geophys. Res., 102 , 26,141-26,157.

Riggin, D., C. K. Meyer, D. C. Fritts, Y. Murayama, K. Igarashi, R. A. Vincent, W. Singer, and D. J.
        Murphy, 2003: MF radar observations of semidiurnal motions in the mesosphere at high northern
        and southern latitudes , J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys. , 65, 483-493. ******** file.PDF ********

Ruggiero, F. H., J. A. Werne, T. S. Lund, D. C. Fritts, K. Wan, L. Wang, A. Mahalov, and B. Nichols, 2005:  
        Characterization of high altitude turbulence for Air Force platforms. Preprints, DoD High Performance
        Computing Modernization Program Users Group Conference 2005, 27-30 June, Nashville, TN.

Schöch, G. Baumgarten, Lossow, P. Hoffmann, V. Serafimovich, P. Dalin, R. Latteck, D. C. Fritts,
        L. Wang, and F. J. Schmidlin, 2003: Gravity waves in the troposphere and stratosphere
        during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS Summer Rocket Program, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
        doi:10.1029/2004GL019837.  ********** file.PDF ********** 

She, C. Y., J. D. Vance, B. P. Williams, D. A. Krueger, H. Moosmuller, D. Gibson-Wilde, and D. C.
        Fritts, 2002: A Unique Sodium Lidar for Atmospheric Dynamics Studies Near the Polar
        Mesopause , EOS, 83, 289-293.

Smith, S. A., and D. C. Fritts, 1985: Poker Flat MST radar and meteorological rocketsonde wind
        profile comparisons , Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 538-540.

Smith, S. A., D. C. Fritts, and T. E. VanZandt, 1987: Evidence for a saturated spectrum of atmospheric
        gravity waves , J. Atmos. Sci. , 44 , 1404-1410.

Suzuki, S., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, M. Kubota, M. Tsutsumi, T. Nakamura, and D. C. Fritts, 2007:
        Gravity wave momentum flux in the upper mesosphere derived from airglow imaging measurements,
    &n